THE SHORT TALK BULLETIN |
... Ritual Differences ...
An experience in Freemasonry usually upsetting to the newly-Raised brother is
his first visit to a Lodge in another Jurisdiction than his own. Having
carefully been taught a certain ritual, in all probability with positive
emphasis upon the necessity of being "letter perfect", he learns with a distinct
shock that the ritual in other States differs from his own, and that these
differ each from the other.
If he converses with those "WELL INFORMED BRETHREN WHO WILL ALWAYS BE AS
READY TO GIVE AS YOU WILL BE TO RECEIVE INSTRUCTION" he is more than apt to
be met with a puzzled, "I don't know, I'm sure, just why they are different from
us, but, of course, ours is correct."
The riddle becomes much plainer as the neophyte studies Masonic history - but,
alas, many never open a Masonic book! Yet divergences in ritual cannot be
understood without some historical background. IT is necessary to understand,
for instance, that Freemasonry came to this country, some time prior to 1731, at
a time when English ritual was in process of formation. We did not receive our
Masonry from one central source, but from several; nor did we obtain it as a
whole. several different localities (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia)
received Freemasonry from across the sea and from them our forms and ceremonies
radiated to other sections. The schism in the first Grand Lodge in England
(1753) resulted in two Grand Lodges; the "Ancients" (the younger, schismatic
body) and the "Moderns" (the older, original Grand Lodge). Each had its own
ritual; our rituals sometimes lean to one, sometimes to the other, and often to
both. Literal ritualism is comparatively a modern matter; and "mouth to ear" in
early days meant nothing more than the giving of information, not transmitting
it in a set form of words. Most of our Grand Lodges have been formed by a union
of particular Lodges many of which received each its ritual from a different
American source, with the result that the ritual finally adopted is a
combination of several. And finally, Grand Lodges have not infrequently changed,
added to and taken from their own rituals, either as a matter of legislation or
by the easier course (in early days) of adopting with little or no question the
variations suggested by positive minded ritualists, Grand Lecturers, Custodians
of the Work, Ritual Committees and so on. Some of these, unfortunately, had
little or no Masonic background, and changed and altered, added and subtracted
with no better reason than "this seems much better to us!"
Certain fundamentals are to all intents and purposes the same in every one of
our forty-nine Grand Jurisdictions. All American Lodges have a Master and two
Wardens, a Secretary and Treasurer, and Altar with the V. S. L. and the other
Great Lights; lesser lights, three degrees; unanimous ballot required; make
Masons only of men; have the same Substitute Word given in the same way; are
tiled; have a ceremony of opening and closing. To some extent all dramatize and
exemplify the Master's Degree, although the amount of drama and exemplification
differs widely.
But beyond these and a few other simple essentials are wide variations. Aprons
are worn one way in one degree in one Jurisdiction and another way in the same
degree in another. Some Jurisdictions have more officers in a Lodge than others.
In some Jurisdictions Lodges open and close on the Master Mason's Degree; others
on the First Degree; others only in the degree which is to be worked." Lesser
Lights are grouped closely about the Altar, in a triangle to one side of the
Altar, in the stations of the Master and Wardens. In some Lodges the I. P. M.
(Immediate Past Master) plays an important part, as in England. Other Lodges
know him not. Some Lodges have Inner Guards and two Masters of Ceremonies -
others will have none of these. Dividing, lettering, syllabling are almost as
various in practice as the Jurisdictions. Obligations show certain similarities
in some requirements; but what is a part of the obligation in one Jurisdiction
may be merely an admonition in another, and vice versa.
Discovering all this (and much more!) the thoughtful initiate is apt to wonder
why it is deemed so important that he memorize his own particular "work" so
closely; when he travels he finds that what he knows as familiar words and forms
and phrases are strange to the Lodges he visits. Nor is this the place to argue
for purity of the ritual as taught. There are good and sufficient reasons why we
should hand on to our sons and their sons the ritual as we received it - if only
to preserve without further alteration and change that which was formed by the
fathers. Suffice it that while uniformity in work within Jurisdictions is fairly
well established as good American Masonic practice, it is not universal. There
are several "workings" for instance, permitted in English Lodges, and even in
some American Jurisdictions (vide Connecticut) not all Lodges use the same
ritual.
The reason for all this are so involved, complex and cover such a long period,
that a complete understanding is difficult even for the student willing to read
the enormous amount of history and authority which may make it plain. Briefly,
and in general, the matter becomes clearer if we visualize our sources of
ritual.
We receive our Masonry from
Unfortunately for the Historian, this list does not signify six or seven springs
from which ritual welled in six or seven different but "pure" forms. The ritual
of the original Grand Lodge changed as it flowed, through many years after 1717.
The Grand Lodges of "Ancients" and "Moderns" both made alterations in ritual so
that rival members of each body found it impossible to make themselves known
Masonically in the other. Ireland and "Scotland were, and are, as different as
Pennsylvania and California. From pre-Grand Lodge Lodges members came to this
country to form themselves into Lodges without warrant or charter (as was the
custom in early days). A dozen men, bringing what they remembered of the ritual
they heard when "made" to from a Lodge, would naturally include in their ritual
a little of one original source, some phrases from another beginning, a
paragraph from a third wellspring, and so on.
The Mother Grand Lodge ritual (1717 to 1753) was not the ritual of the United
Grand Lodge which came into existence in 1813, when the two parts of the
original Mother Grand Lodge ("Ancients" and "Moderns") again came together. The
United Grand Lodge, or Grand Lodge of Reconciliation, formed ins ritual from the
best of the divergent rituals of the "Ancients" and the "Moderns".
Thus, Lodges in this country which received their ritual, in any or all states
of purity or impurity, from either of these several sources, would differ
decidedly each from the other.
Come we now to the spread of Masonry in the thirteen colonies, and later,
through the forty-eight states and territories and the District of Columbia. To
write even one paragraph of Masonic history of ritual in so many subdivisions
would make this Bulletin unreadably long. But a few high lights may be noted.
From four primary American sources of ritual, in one way or another all other
American Grand Jurisdictions, in part at least, received their "work";
Massachusetts, which at first sent forth what must have been at least an
approximation of the work of the original Mother Grand Lodge, through her ritual
today is derived from "Moderns" and "Ancients"; Pennsylvania and Virginia, both
giving forth individual variants of a combination of "Modern" and "Ancient", and
North Carolina, almost purely "Modern."
In 1915 Dean Roscoe Pound showed how various were the next groups of States
which received their rituals from the first four American sources. He developed
that Maine derived from Massachusetts since the fusion; Vermont derived from the
Grand Lodge of "Ancients" in Massachusetts before the fusion; Ohio derived from
Massachusetts, from Connecticut, a strictly "Modern" Jurisdiction, and from
Pennsylvania; Indiana derived from Ohio and Kentucky, which latter represents
Virginia after the fusion; Michigan derived from the "Ancient" Grand Lodge of
Canada and from New York, which since the Revolution was a strictly "Ancient"
Jurisdiction; Kentucky derived from Virginia; Tennessee derived from North
Carolina, a purely "Modern" Jurisdiction; Alabama derived from North Carolina,
from South Carolina and from Tennessee, thus representing Virginia and North
Carolina; Louisiana derived from South Carolina, from Pennsylvania and from
France; Florida derived from Georgia and from South Carolina; Missouri derived
from Pennsylvania and from Tennessee, representing therefore, the fusion in
Pennsylvania and the "Modern Masonry" of North Carolina; Illinois derived from
Kentucky and so represents Virginia; and the District of Columbia derived from
Maryland (a fusion of "Modern Masonry" from Massachusetts and from England
direct, with "Ancient Masonry" from Pennsylvania, and from Virginia.
The further west we go, the more we find of a mixture of sources, complicated
rather than simplified by such matters as the splitting of the Grand Lodge of
Dakota into the Grand Lodges of South Dakota and North Dakota, when these two
states were formed, and the formation of the Grand Lodge of California, which
drew its work from many different sources. California Lodge No. 13, of the
District of Columbia, was formed for the purpose of carrying Masonry to the
Golden Gate at the time of the Gold Rush. That Lodge is now Number 1 on the
California Grand Lodge register. But California's ritual is not more similar to
the district of Columbia working than that of any other state, since the
District Lodge was but one of several which formed the Grand Lodge of
California.
There have been certain unifying influences; The Baltimore Masonic Convention of
1843, the conclusions of which were adopted in whole or in part by several
American Grand Jurisdictions, and the work of Rob Morris and his conservators,
which despite its chilly reception by many Grand Jurisdictions, undoubtedly left
its impress on American Ritual. A third unifying influence has been the
tremendous impress made on almost all American Jurisdictions by Thomas Smith
Webb and Jeremy Cross, plainly evident in the exoteric paragraphs printed in
many State monitors or manuals. A fourth has been the honest desire and
strenuous efforts of many Grand Lodges, through District Deputies, Grand
Lecturers, Schools of Instruction and similar machinery, to preserve what they
have in its supposedly ancient perfection. But by the time these latter were in
operation, ritual was more or less fixed. because of the reverence of the
average Mason for what his is taught, and his fierce resentment of any material
change in that which he learns, rituals and degree forms, ceremonies and
practices, usages and customs, continue to be what he believes them to have been
"from time immemorial" even when sober fact shows that they have an antiquity of
(in all probability) less than two hundred years.
For the benefit of those Masons to whom divergence of ritual is not the less
distressing that it is understandable, it may be said that most authorities
agree that it is really not a matter of great moment. All over the world
Freemasonry teaches the same great truths, offers the same spiritual comfort,
creates and continues the same fraternal bond. "In non essentials, variety; in
essentials, unity" might have been written of Masonry. It matters little how we
wear the apron in given degree - so be it that it is worn with honor. The method
of giving a sign or a pass matter much less than that what we do is done with
understanding.
While Freemasonry continues to observe and revere those few Landmarks which are
undisputed everywhere - those which Joseph Fort Newton says are "The fatherhood
of God, the Brotherhood of Man, the Moral Law, the Golden Rule, and the hope of
Life Everlasting," it becomes of less moment that different men, in different
times, in different localities, have found more than one way to phrase and to
teach the ancient verities of the old, old craft.